Which of the following factors can contribute to heat gain in a building?

Heat gain within a building is influenced by several factors, each contributing in its own way to the overall thermal dynamics. Windows are significant because they can allow sunlight to penetrate, which can substantially increase indoor temperatures, especially in warmer months. The type, size, and shading of the windows can either mitigate or exacerbate this effect.

Appliances also play a critical role in heat gain. Many appliances generate heat during operation, such as stoves, ovens, and even computers. The cumulative effect of heat generated by multiple appliances in use can significantly contribute to the overall warmth of a space.

Lighting is another important factor. Traditional incandescent bulbs, for instance, produce a considerable amount of heat as a byproduct of light generation. The type of lighting used (incandescent versus LED, for example) can greatly affect how much heat is contributed to a space.

Considering the comprehensive nature of these factors, it becomes clear that all of them can collectively contribute to heat gain in a building. Therefore, selecting all options recognizes the multifaceted influences of windows, appliances, and lighting, making it the most complete and accurate response to the question.